LEXICAL AND GRAMMATICAL FEATURES OF ANTONYMIC COMPONENTS IN POLISH PAREMIC UNITS

Abstract

The article describes the antonymic components of Polish paremic units on the basis of lexical and grammatical features. According to the lexical parameters, the groups of paremics are distinguished, in which the antonymic components are the names of parts and organs of the human body, animals, time periods, food and clothing. Among the antonymic components that name parts and organs of the human body, the most frequent is the somatic component głowa, which primarily represents the mental abilities of a person. In Polish paremic units, a significant part is also made up of zoonimals and ornithonyms. It is worth noting that animal names in proverbs and sayings are used metaphorically to refer to human character traits, life experience, physical condition, age, family relationships, and social relations. Paremics with antonymic components are also recorded, which include names of professions, taste and temperature characteristics, units of measure and weight, natural and meteorological phenomena, tools, residential buildings, seasons, months, and supernatural beings. The grammatical features of antonymic components in Polish paremics are manifested through differences in gender, number and case forms, as well as through belonging to different parts of speech. In particular, the following types of inter-participant antonyms are distinguished: «adjective vs noun», «numeral+noun vs pronoun», «adverb vs adjective». The most numerous is the group of paraphrases where antonymic components have different case forms. The smallest number of proverbs and sayings are those in which the AKs have different gender forms. It should be noted that the opposition «masculine vs feminine» in Polish paraphrases is represented by the juxtaposition of noun components.